The decision of the High Court in late September in Mazur & Anor v Charles Russell Speechlys LLP [2025] EWHC 2341 (KB) has thrown into question who may conduct litigation. Can a paralegal, litigation executive, trainee, or CILEX Fellow without independent practice rights — conduct litigation under the supervision of a solicitor? Many litigation departments are structured on this basis. Costs were disallowed because someone who was not a qualified representative had signed particulars of claim in a debt recovery matter, despite them being head of department.
On 1st October 2025 the SRA issued a statement on this:
"Our view is that the judgment in the recent case of Julia Mazur & Ora v Charles Russell Speechlys LLP doesn't change the position in law.
Sheldon J said the Legal Services Act (LSA) makes it clear that only regulated individuals can conduct litigation as it’s a reserved legal activity. Non-authorised individuals can support litigation – as they do in other areas – but only an authorised individual, such as a solicitor, should be conducting litigation.
This is the position that we have reflected in our existing guidance on effective supervision, published in November 2022. In that guidance, we say:
'People who are not themselves authorised to conduct litigation can only support authorised individuals to conduct litigation, rather than conducting litigation themselves under the supervision of an authorised individual.'
There is a distinction between conducting litigation and supporting litigation, but the boundary between the two activities will depend on the facts. Being engaged (whether as an employee or other contractor) by an authorised person who is permitted to conduct reserved activities does not automatically confer a right to conduct litigation on an employee or contractor who is not authorised. They are permitted to support litigation under appropriate supervision, not to conduct it.
Our guidance addresses many aspects to consider when assessing appropriate supervision arrangements. The onus is on firms to satisfy themselves that they are complying with the LSA, and only authorised individuals are conducting litigation. We recommend you should be recording your decision-making around the approach you are taking (see 'Recording supervision arrangements' in the guidance)."
They have referred to their guidance on supervision arrangements: SRA | Effective supervision | Solicitors Regulation Authority
This part seems to be particularly relevant:
"Reserved legal activities - litigation
LSA 2007 makes no provision for unauthorised people to carry out litigation under supervision. Therefore people who are not themselves authorised to conduct litigation can only support authorised individuals to conduct litigation, rather than conducting litigation themselves under the supervision of an authorised individual.
In our view, the consequence of the LSA 2007 restrictions on litigation is that an unauthorised person who is supporting litigation must be employed in the same firm as the authorised person who is conducting the litigation, rather than somewhere else."
It will be for each firm to decide, but it seems to us that it would be wise that any could documents should be signed by the supervising solicitor.
Aspiring solicitors looking to qualify through the SQE route are required to have a minimum of 2 years' full time equivalent Qualifying Work Experience (QWE) confirmed to the SRA by an SRA regulated solicitor (or a COLP). But - what does 'full time' mean?
Hitherto we had always understood that the SRA did not want to give guidance on this - preferring the solicitor to use their judgement in the circumstances.
However, when helping an aspiring solicitor recently, Ingemar saw the page she was to fill in on her mySRA profile to request the SRA website to request the solicitor to do the confirmation. There the SRA stated that it regarded full time to be at least 32 hours a week.
So, there you have it. Some clarity.
External Solicitor QWE Confirmation Service
Where you do not have a solicitor to confirm your QWE - we can help. Here is a link to the service: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/qwe-external-confirming-solicitor-service-for-employers/ Or just fill in the form below. We have helped over 150 aspiring solicitors from all over the world with confirmeding or signing off their QWE to the SRA. Here is a link to a YouTube video with more info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elyc0suQI18&t=11s
When will you be exempted from the QWE requirement, which forms part of the steps to be completed to qualify as a solicitor of England & Wales through the SQE route? Until recently we thought this was pretty clear: all qualified lawyers were automatically exempt.
However, recently we have learned that the approach of the SRA is more nuanced. It may be that people are talking about this from differing viewpoints. So, we have sought clarification from the SRA to get this clarified and nail this down.
In summary, although not quite using their wording, the situation is:
a) if you are qualified as a lawyer in any jurisdiction and take and pass the SQE1, you are automatically exempted from the QWE requirement
BUT
b) if you use a pass of the old LPC exam to obtain an exemption from the SQE1 exam, you will NOT be exempt from the QWE requirement, even if you are a qualified lawyer.
We have put below the initial clarification, then the further questions we put to the SRA and then the further clarification received from the SRA.
We hope this will be of help. Should you need assistance with confirmation or sign off of your QWE, for example if you do not have a solicitor or COLP in your organisation - then WE CAN HELP. Here is a link to our External Solicitor Confirmation Service: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/external-qwe-certification-service-2/
Initial from the SRA to our enquiry:
Further questions we put to the SRA:
The SRA's further clarification:
The Ministry of Law has published a "Guide for Using Generative Artificial Intelligence in Legal Sector" for consultation (closing 30 September 2025).
The write that the purpose is "to set out general principles and good practices to encourage responsible, ethical and effective use of generative artificial intelligence (“GenAI”) in Singapore’s legal services sector. The aim is to support the legal services sector in harnessing the potential of GenAI, while being mindful of professional obligations in the delivery of legal services."
Here is a link to the document: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/AI-Usage-Guide-Singapore-Min-of-Law-Guidance-Sept-2025.pdf
They see a real opportunity for AI to enhance the work of the legal sector. Good reading with diagrams & examples.
AI & Data Protection
Should you like to discuss the uise of AI with regard to Data Protection compliance - feel free to reach out (fill in the form below). We have consultants specialising in Data Protection compliance.
On 31st July 2025 the threshold amount for submitting a defence against money laundering (DAML) has been increased from £1,000 to £3,000. Certain conditions need to be met. See below:
In the context of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA), a DAML (Defence Against Money Laundering) is a mechanism that allows individuals and businesses to seek consent from the National Crime Agency (NCA) to proceed with transactions that might otherwise be prohibited under POCA due to concerns about handling criminal property. Essentially, a DAML is a request for "appropriate consent" from the NCA to avoid committing a money laundering offense when dealing with potentially tainted funds. The threshold is specifically designed to reduce low-value Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) and streamline law enforcement efforts.
If you need help with AML & POCA:
AML & Sanctions Training: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/aml-training-when-are-you-required-to-do-this/
Independent AML Audit: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/independent-aml-audit/
Practice or Firm Wide Risk Assessment Review: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/aml-review/
Help with an SRA AML Audit or inspection: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/sra-audits-inspections-assistance/
The SRA published this report on 31st July. Suprisingly it is written so as to be realtively easy to read. We recommend that all owners snd compliance officers of law firms do so. Here is a link to the document: https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/research-publications/aml-risk-assessment/
The document sets out information on money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing risk that we consider most relevant for firms the SRA supervise.
The SRA writes: "All firms that are within scope of the Regulations must comply with all the regulatory requirements. This includes taking appropriate steps to identify, assess and maintain a written record of their risk of being used for money laundering or terrorist financing.
Firms must have regard to this risk assessment, and any updates, when creating and maintaining their own written risk assessment as required by Regulations 18 and 18A of the Regulations, along with a comprehensive knowledge of their business and clients.
We may ask to see your firm's risk assessment."
The most common weaknesses we have observed included inadequate:
If you need help:
AML & Sanctions Training: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/aml-training-when-are-you-required-to-do-this/
Independent AML Audit: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/independent-aml-audit/
Practice or Firm Wide Risk Assessment Review: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/aml-review/
Help with an SRA AML Audit or inspection: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/sra-audits-inspections-assistance/
The situation seems to be quite complicated for Swiss lawyers. So, we have written this article to try to provide some clarity. We have also sought some clarification from the SRA, which has fed into our understanding, as explained below.
Here's a link to a video we've put on YouTube about this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmB1oTcYVB8
Currently (2025) the situation appears to be that to be considered a qualified lawyer and to be able to practice law in Switzerland one merely needs to graduate with both a bachelors and a masters of law from a Swiss university. That will be sufficient, for example, for acting as inhouse legal counsel in a company. If one wants to represent clients in court, work for the prosecution service or as a notary public, there is an additional exam - attorney exam or bar exam “Anwaltsprüfung”. To qualify for this, you are required to complete 12 months of an internship working in a law firm and/or the courts (this and/or requirement varies between the cantons). You are then eligible to sit first a written exam, and when that is successful an oral exam. Upon successful completion the lawyers then carry the additional title: Avocat, Advokat, Rechtsanwalt, Anwalt, Fürsprecher, Fürsprech or Avvocato (all are the same thing and level of qualification - just differing names depending upon the canton).
Applying for an exemption from the SQE2
The UK government has entered into an agreement with Switzerland for the recognition of professional qualifications. This came into force in the UK on 1st January 2025. As a result, Swiss Avocats, Advokats, Rechtsanwalts, Anwalts, Fürsprechers, Fürsprechs and Avvocatos have 4 possible routes to qualify as a solicitor of England & Wales (instead of the normal 2: sit the exams or get exemption from one of them). [The 2 options which are available to qualified lawyers from most other jurisdictions are the first 2 listed below.]
1. Sit and pass both the SQE1 & the SQE2 exams.
2. Sit one and get an exemption from the other. Exemption from the SQE1 exam is likely only to be obtained if, by chance, you sat and passed the LPC (the old route to qualification). You now wish to switch qualification route end effectively trade in your LPC pass for and SQE1 exemption. Exemption from the SQE2 exam – you may apply only if you are qualified as an Avocat, Advokat, Rechtsanwalt, Anwalt, Fürsprecher, Fürsprech or Avvocato. That will have required you to do 12 months’ internship working in a law firm. You would then have to prove another 12 months of post qualification legal work experience through a Reference Letter(s) signed by the person who directly supervised your work. This is the same as for qualified lawyers from other jurisdictions. (Confusingly, the SRA has called this the ‘Aptitude Test’ route.) There are specific requirements of what needs to go into the Reference Letter. Here is a link to a page on our website where we go into this in detail and where we also set out a service we offer to assist with this: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/sqe2-exemption-for-foreign-lawyers-review-advice/
3. Adaptation period route - if you do not have 24 months' legal work experience and want to do three years' supervised practice instead. This route is an additional one only available to Swiss qualified lawyers. In order to qualify through this route you must register with the SRA as a registered Swiss lawyer and undertake three years' supervised practice in the law of England and Wales. More info here: https://www.sra.org.uk/become-solicitor/admission/pathways-qualification/swiss-lawyers/adaptation-period-route/
4. Registered European lawyer (REL) route - this route is an additional one, only available to Swiss qualified lawyers. This option is only available to existing RELS who were already registered on or before 31 December 2024 (or those who apply by this date and go on to become registered). More info here: https://www.sra.org.uk/become-solicitor/admission/pathways-qualification/swiss-lawyers/rels/
QWE Confirmation
Only relevant if you are not a qualified Avocat, Advokat, Rechtsanwalt, Anwalt, Fürsprecher, Fürsprech or Avvocato, or, if qualified, not trading in an LPC pass for an SQE2 exemption. You will have to have at least 24 months of QWE (Qualifying Work Experience) confirmed or signed-off to the SRA by an SRA-regulated solicitor (or COLP). You may use an external solicitor to do this – for example where your firm does not have an SRA-regulated solicitor in it. This is a service we provide. We have assisted several Swiss lawyers. Here is a link to our External Solicitor QWE Confirmation Service: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/external-qwe-certification-service-2/ or fill in the form below. (Qualified Swiss Avocats, Advokats, Rechtsanwalts, Anwalts, Fürsprechers, Fürsprechs and Avvocatos are automatically exempt from the QWE Requirement.)
Inhouse lawyers and a change in Swiss Law
A recent change in Swiss law (which came into effect on 1st January 2025) means that you need the head of legal to be an Avocat, Advokat, Rechtsanwalt, Anwalt, Fürsprecher, Fürsprech or Avvocato. This is because it introduced 'Legal Privilege' for companies for the first time. This covers advice given by inhouse counsel to their business – relevant in litigation. It only applies for companies where the head of the legal department is an advocate (Rechtsanwalt etc). The company gets ‘Legal Privilege’ because of the qualification level of the head of the legal department. Therefore, companies will want to ensure that their Head of Legal is an advocate (Rechtsanwalt etc). Otherwise, these companies could be disadvantaged in civil litigation abroad. So, people who were on the cusp of progressing to General Counsel or Head of Legal, now find themselves blocked unless they qualify as an advocat (Rechtsanwalt etc). The route to full qualification as an advocate (Rechtsanwalt etc) through the Swiss exams is very difficult. However, a solicitor of England & Wales is recognised by Swiss authorities as an advocate (Rechtsanwalt etc). For this reason, Swiss lawyers are seeking to qualify as solicitors through the SQE route.
This is not straightforward. We have tried to explain things here, but feel free to contact us for a zoom to talk through your circumstances!
The SRA were very careful to design the SQE route so that it fell within the government's Apprenticeship Scheme, certainly for England. We have posted information about this: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/apprenticeships-the-sqe-how-this-can-save-you-money/
On 28th May 2025 the government published a press release in which they announced that, from January 2026, they would be 'refocusing' (which we take to mean 'no longer ') funding away from post-graduate qualifications. That would mean that aspiring solicitors who were graduates would no longer be able to get their SQE studies and exams funded through the apprenticeship scheme. We do not know what happens to people already part way through a graduate apprenticeship. You would need to ask your training provider, which would be receiving the funding and so will get the clarification on this.
Please note - the government has specifically mentioned that people doing a 'full apprenticeship' ie, from age 16-21 WILL still be covered by the apprenticeship scheme and be able to receive funding as they do now. The change affects graduates only.
This change was raised as a possibility some time back. There is logic to it. Now it will happen. Here is the link to the press release: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/next-generation-of-builders-and-carers-set-to-rebuild-britain
Help for Aspiring Solicitors
We help with confirming or signing off QWE: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/external-qwe-certification-service-2/
Help with applications for exemption from the SQE2 exam: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/sqe2-exemption-for-foreign-lawyers-review-advice/
Help with verifying your ID: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/id-verification-for-aspiring-solicitors/
Please see this article for the latest clarification from the SRA: https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/qwe-exemption-clarification/
Update to the message below - 21.5.25 - we have been in further discussions. It appears that the information given out by their staff member was incorrect. The situation has NOT changed. They have stated to us today: " you just need to fill in the jurisdiction section in their mySRA profile and tell us [the SRA] where they are qualified (be it in England and Wales or overseas). This then automatically tells us [the SRA] they are not required to do QWE." This is a direct quote from Sarah-Jane Dean - External Communications Officer at Solicitors Regulation Authority. Therefore, you may quote this to SRA Admissions if you are told otherwise.
[Please read our post below in the light of this paragraph.] (We are regularly in touch with the SRA to clarify information and will always endeavour to keep you informed of information as it becomes available.)
Up until now we had understood the SRA position to be that is someone was qualified as a lawyer in a jurisdiction they were automatically exempted from the QWE requirement (this is to do with the process to qualify as a solicitor of England & Wales through the SQE route). That was our clear understanding from the start of the SQE scheme. Over time things had happened to make us wonder if the SRA had nuanced their position.
We spoke with the SRA this week (w/c 12th May 2025). They informed us that they were now only granting exemption to qualified lawyers where that lawyer qualified for the exemption from the SQE2 exam. That indeed makes it a lot less clear.
Someone seeking exemption from the QWE element will now need to check whether they would qualify for exemption from the SQE2 exam. Here is a link to where on the SRA website they may check: https://www.sra.org.uk/become-solicitor/qualified-lawyers/sqe-exemptions/ . We do not think that you have to actually make the application for exemption from the SQE2 exam. We will let you know if we are informed otherwise. So far, uploading through your mySRA profile proof of qualification in your jurisdiction has been sufficient for the QWE exemption to be granted.
Help with an application for SQE2 Exemption:
https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/sqe2-exemption-for-foreign-lawyers-review-advice/
Help with Confirming or sign-off of QWE:
https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/external-qwe-certification-service-2/
Help with Verifying your ID to the SRA before you are admitted:
https://hunningsconsultancy.co.uk/id-verification-for-aspiring-solicitors/
The Legal Sector Affinity Group (LSAG) guidance regarding compliance has recently been approved by HM Treasury and was published on 23 April. Please see a link below to where you may view and download the guidance. We are digesting this and will publish a summary of the main points.
https://www.sra.org.uk/solicitors/resources/money-laundering/guidance-support
We provide a lot of AML support to businesses in the Legal Sector. Please see below for a summary and links for further information. (Watch this space for assistance coming for certain businesses in the Financial Services sector as well.)
(Sanctions Regime compliance - see separate services for this on our website.)
Feel free to contact us, ideally by using the 'How can we help you?' form below.
